Biomechanics and Health

THE MYSTERY OF SOUTHEAST “STROKE BELT” REVEALED

2007-06-30T20:48:00.001Z

It has been known for about fifty years that incidences of strokes are more common in some south-eastern states, an area known as the “Stroke Belt”, where incidences of strokes are substantially higher than in the rest of the country.
The “Stroke Belt” is usually defined as an 11 state region which includes; Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Indiana.
Incidences of strokes in these states is 50% higher than in the West and in the Northeast of the US, and 30% higher than in Midwest of the US.
We can see that not only is the “Mystery of Southeast Stroke Belt” a reality but there also exists a “Mystery of Midwest Stroke”, because for unknown reasons, the Midwest of the country has a higher incidence of strokes than in the West and Northeast of the country.
If we compare incidence of strokes between West and the Northeast of the country with New York, we can see that the incidence of strokes is much higher in the West and Northeast than in New York and because of this fact, we can call it the “Mystery of Northeast and West Stroke”.
Actually any incident of stroke, it doesn’t mater if it is in the Southeast of the country or in the Northeast of the country or anywhere in the world, it is a mystery because till this day, no one knows why some people have strokes.
Understanding why incidence of stroke is more common in some region than another will enable us to understand real cause of stroke anywhere in the world.
By comparing incidence of strokes between different regions we can see that geographical factors play an important role in the incidence of strokes. The question is how?
To discover how geographical factors determine incidences of strokes is best to start with the region where incidences of the strokes is the most common in US and that is the Southeast region, known as the “Stroke Belt”.
If we take a look on the map of this area, we can see that a significant part of all these state territories is that they have flat surfaces of the ground.
It will be simple to make a conclusion that physical geography is responsible for the high number of stroke incidences in this area, and that people who live in hills and in the mountains are less prone to stroke. One more contributing fact to make such a conclusion is that this stroke belt has a “buckle” -- a zone-within-a-zone that has stroke death rates “substantially higher” than the stroke belt itself, and twice as high as the rest of the country.?.
Reporting in the May issue (1997) of the American Heart Association journal “Stroke”, the scientists identify the “buckle” as the coastal plain sectors of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. In this 153-county area, the new study shows, stroke deaths are 2.1 times higher than the rate of the nations average among people whose ages are 35 to 54, and 1.7 times greater for people between the ages of 55 and 74.
We can see that this “simply conclusion” is actually based on hard facts. Population living in coastal plain in those three states is more prone to stroke than people who live in mountains region in same state.
It shows that people living in flat area or plain area are more prone to stroke than people who live in mountains and hilly area but question is why geographical-environmental factor is in some extent responsible for incidence of stroke?
Now it is left to explain why people who live in these plain areas are more prone to stroke than people who live in areas where there are hills and mountains.
People who live in area with hills and mountains are more frequently forced to use and challenge their own motor skill ability because in every day of there life, they are more confronted with activities like walking up the hill, walking down the hill and walking diagonally up the hill and walking diagonally down the hill. And people who live in flat areas do not have the chance to walk down the hill or up the hill, they most of their lives walk only on flat surfaces. Walking on the flat surface for most of the time has for consequence that habitually gait is used in greater extent than by people who living in hilly and mountains areas.
We can conclude that people who live in hills and mountain areas in general, are more frequently confront with activities that force mental awareness in time of doing this particular physical activity.
The physical activities that obligate us to the some extent or full mental awareness are providing mental stimulation to central nervous system. Habitual walk alone doesn’t provide enough mental stimulation to the neuromuscular control centre.
The fact that in mountain area, geographical environment more frequently force to do physical activity by increased mental effort, and that have consequences of providing mental stimulation to the central nervous system and that explain why people in mountains region are less prone to stroke than people who live in flat areas.
But in the state of Florida we have a completely different situation. If we take a look in the physical geography of Florida we can see that the whole area is flat, as same as the coastal plain sectors of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina and this area is known as a “Buckle” of the “Stroke Belt”- an area within the area.
The south part of Florida has one of the lower incidences of strokes in the US. The question is why?
People who live in the south part of Florida, same as the people living in the coastal plain sectors of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, do not have the opportunity to walk up a hill or down a hill.
But people in the south part of Florida, have more opportunities to walk with bare feet. Because of the warm climate for most part of the year, people spend more time on the beaches or in swimming pools.
Walking with bare feet on the sandy beaches and in the water, is an effective way for maintain and improving the sense of balance and motor skill ability in general, and people living in the southern part of Florida have plenty of opportunities to do that. Walking with bare feet demand increased level of mental avernes about surface and small object that is on the ground like sharps stone etc and that is factor that demand constant mental awareness for the time of doing this activity.
Walking by wearing footwear doesn’t demand from as to take care where we are stepping and how we are stepping and because of that fact we can do locomotion by using habitually gait.
In the south part of Florida, the great majority of people live in the coastal areas near the beaches, and a reason for this is that the inland of south Florida is mainly a swamp.
In the north part of Florida, much more people live in the inland area and because of that, people in the north part of Florida have much less opportunities to walk with bare feet and less opportunity to be engaged in water sport than the people in south Florida.
They can be more physically active but this kind of activity is mostly habitual and doesn’t sufficiently contributing to maintaining and improving motor skill ability.
That explains why people in the south part of Florida are less prone to strokes than people living in the north part of Florida and people living in the rest of the US, excluding New York.
The New York metropolitan area has the lowest stroke rates in the country. The question is why?
If we take a look in the map of this area, we can see that entire New York metropolitan area is located on flat surface similar as the coastal plain sectors of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina where the incidence of strokes is the highest in the US.
People living in the New York metropolitan area have much less opportunities to walk with bare feet compared to people living in the coastal plain sectors in Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, and far less than people living in the south part of Florida.
All physical geographical factors which contribute to lower incidences of the strokes states located on the hills and mountains like the states in the West and Northeast or states in the Southeast like Florida (Southern part of Florida), in the New York metropolitan area are non existent.
This all tells as that in the New York metropolitan area, the incidences of strokes should be higher then in the coastal plain sectors of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, but contrary, they are far lower then anywhere in the US.
One important factor which makes the New York metropolitan area different from any other part of the country is that people are using the public transport system like nowhere else in the US.Every weekday, four and half million people use the subway alone.How the use of the public transport system (contributing) causes lower incidences of strokes will be understood by understanding firstly, how using the public transport system effects our sense of balance, postural stability and motor skill.
One thing is that people who use private cars are most of the time walking with the usual speed (habitually walk). For example; they do not need to hurry to catch their own car, the car always waits for them (contrary to the train or public buses), it is always at home or in the parking place and they always can afford to walk with their usual speed. (Usual speed is speed of habitual walk).
People, who use public transportation many times, come in a situation to increase their speed of the walk with the intention to catch the train or bus, and sometimes they decrease their speed below the speed of usual (habitual) walk with the intention to avoid waiting long on the station for the train or bus.
Each time when we change the speed of the usual (habitual) walk to slow or to brisk walk, we are challenging our own postural stability and any challenge for postural stability is in same time challenge for motor skill ability.
Each time when we are challenging our own postural stability, we are at the same time improving our own postural stability.
Improvement in postural stability will positively affect motor skill ability and habitual gait patterns and in same time it will revitalized entire nervous system.
The next important factor which is contributing towards the improvement of the postural stability and motor skill ability is when traveling on the train is the effect of speeding and slowing of the train on the people inside the train.
For example, if we stand or walk on the platform of the train which moves at a constant speed, we need the same level of postural stability as we need when we are standing or walking on the flat ground.
But if we are standing or walking in the train at a time when the train increasing speed, and at the time when the train decreasing the speed, we need to put more effort to avoid fall on the floor of the train (loss of balance). Each time when we put more effort than usually to maintain balance it positively effect postural stability and motor skill and everything that positively effect motor skill in same time positively effects neuromuscular centre.
Another fact is that the time between speeding and slowing of the train is only a few minutes long, because in the city area, the distance between the stations is short. For example, by traveling in the intercity train, we are spending much more time traveling with a constant speed. The time between speeding and slowing in an intercity train is much longer, because of the distance between stations is much bigger.
In the case when we are traveling by subway, we are affected every few minutes to the effects of speeding and every few minutes we are affected by the effects of slowing.
Most of the time we spend inside the train sitting, but we still are spending plenty of time standing and walking inside a slowing and speeding train, for example when we are entering a train and before we have the chance to reach the available seat, the train already starts to leave the station, and in this short time we are exposed to the effects of a speeding train, and at the time when the train is slowing down before it stops at the station, many times we have to leave the seat and walk towards the exit door because the time the train spends at the station is very short, just enough for some passengers to leave and for some passenger to enter in the train.
In these situations, people are forced to put more effort than usually to maintain required level of postural stability that enable them to avoid fall.
Another situation when we are unintentionally challenging own motor skill is when we are walking in the crowded area, like; underground station or in the busy street, shopping centre etc. In this case we frequently forced to change speed and direction to make way trough crowd.
In other words anywhere were surrounding geographical or man made environment like subway or man caused environment like crowd, demand from us frequently to change speed and direction of the walk people are les prone to the stroke than people who live in geographical and man made environment that not demand frequently change of the speed and direction of the walk.(Diversity of motion stimulates brain. Diversity of motion cause that we are more frequently mentally involved in that what we are doing. Mental involvement in physical activity is the factor that providing mental stimulation to the brain. Habitually physical activity doesn’t provide mental stimulation for neuromuscular control centre.)
We can conclude that in general, people who live in the New York metropolitan area are more frequently forced to put mental effort by doing every days walk compared to people who live in the rest of the country, and that has the consequence of lower incidents of strokes in the New York metropolitan area than anywhere else in the US.
One thing that is left to explain is why in the United States, African Americans are more prone to stroke than White Americans.
One fact is that a big percentage of African Americans live in an area known as the “Stroke Belt”.
For example, African American men and women in the “Stroke Belt” area have a higher stroke death rate than their racial counterparts in other regions of the country.
This means that African Americans living outside the “Stroke Belt” area have a lower stroke death rate than African Americans living inside the “Stroke Belt” area.
In this case, we can conclude that somehow, the difference in the physical geography of these regions is responsible for the difference in the rates of stroke incidents concerning African Americans living in different parts of the country.
The next question is why African Americans have a higher rate of stroke incidence than White Americans.
The answer is that they are more prone to stroke because they in general have less opportunities to do physical activity that contributing to maintain own motor skill ability.
One reason is that African Americans in general have a lower socioeconomic status compared to White Americans and that has the consequence that proportionally, much less African Americans have houses near the beach or have swimming pools at home, and in the towns and the city all over the country in flat areas or in areas with the hills and mountains, African American mostly have houses on the flat ground. This and similar other factors are the cause for African Americans having in general less opportunity to exercises own motor skill, and that has the consequence of a higher susceptibility to strokes.
In general, they have less opportunity in every day of life, to challenge own motor skill and postural stability and because of this factor they in general less frequently providing mental stimulation to the neuromuscular control centre than White American.
We can conclude that African Americans and White Americans by doing the same level of activity that positively effect sense of balance and motor skill are equally prone or not prone to strokes. One more convincing fact is that after age of 55 the stroke mortality rate for White American increases and is equal to that of African American. Increased incidence of the stroke after age of 55 is attributed to decrease in diversity of physical activity on one side and on the other side to prolonged period of doing habitually physical activities.
An African American that more frequently come in situation to do physical activity that force to exercise own sense of balance, postural stability and motor skill ability is much less prone to strokes compared to a White American that les frequently came to situation to do physical activity that force exercise own sense of balance, postural stability and motor skill ability.
Understanding how for the humans health and wellbeing is important the sense of balance, postural stability, postural strength and motor skill, will enable us to win the battle against stroke, against obesity and many other illnesses.
Central nervous system depends on mental stimulation. By doing exercise on exercise machines or most exercise designed for “burning calories” we are not providing mental stimulation to the brain and in generally this type of exercise are producing negative consequence for health.
For example, by prolong time of physical inactivity the muscle and bones losing strength and mass. It is same by neuromuscular control centre. By prolong time of habitually doing physical activity the neuromuscular control centre is not used in required extent necessary to maintain optimal condition. For example; running and walking on the tread mill we are not propel our self whit legs and feet but in greater extent we are habitually maintain lifting motion of the legs and mindlessly (habitual locomotion) falling from one leg to other.
Habitual walk and run by prolong period of time doesn’t provide in sufficient extent mental stimulation to central nervous system.
In some case geographical and/or man made environment, where we are living obligate as to do common activity in such a way that our mind is in present. For example when we are going down hill we have to take care not to fall down. And all time by doing this activity our mind is in present. We can’t walk down the hill with habitual gait patterns. Unexpected obstacles on our way by walking or running are factor that obligate us to keep mind in present.
The sense of balance is entwisted with postural stability, postural strength and motor skill ability. Improvement in postural stability is bind with improvement of the sense of balance, postural strength and motor skill ability. We can challenge own motor skill and postural stability as far as we can maintain the sense of balance. Improvement in motor skill ability positively effect postural stability and on the other hand, improvement in postural stability positively effect motor skill ability.
Each time when we are challenging own postural stability we are providing mental stimulation for neuromuscular control centre and for entire nervous system.
Plenty evidence shows that increase in body weight increase chance of suffering from stroke. It is enough to take look at obesity map and in stroke map and we will notice that region with higher obesity rate have higher incidence of stroke compared to state with lower obesity rates. It clearly shows that rates of obesity are correlated with incidence of stroke. Natural geographical-environmental factor and man made environmental factor play important role in obesity prevalence and in incidences of stroke. It shows that not every physical activity is beneficial for physical and mental health and not every physical activity is beneficial for weight control. Same level of physical activities done on (plain area) even ground will produce different outcome for health and weight and shape of the body compared to physical activity done on (mountains and hilly area) uneven ground.
Just occasionally using consciously effort to maintain optimal body posture and balanced gait will reduce risk of stroke and it is because by using consciously effort we are putting more mental effort than usual.
Incorporating some simply, non-strenuous but mental effort demanding physical activity or designed exercise in every day life will be most effective measure to ward stroke and many common disease and health condition.
For examples, every day habitually walk doesn’t demand mental effort bat slow walking or brisk walk and change of the speed of the walk demand mental output. It need to take in consideration that slow walking or brisk walking for prolong period of time is not beneficial for mental and physical health because after some period of walking at same speed this type of walk starting to be habitual. The best way is to frequently change of the speed of the walk.
In general every physical activity, regardless of intensity level, that contributing to maintenance or improvement of existing motor skill, sense of balance and postural stability in same time contributing to effective prevention of the stroke.
Physical activities that have protective role against stroke are in same time are highly effective as means to achieve effective recovery after stroke.

Energy Balance and Weight Gain - Weight Loss

2006-05-30T23:38:00.002Z

We have been told that weight loss occur because of a state negative energy balance ad that weight gain occur because of the state of positive energy balance.
Such explanation is accepted as unquestionable scientific truth by entire scientific community.
Here are just two examples that reflect present scientific explanation of occurrence of weight gain and weight loss.

“Weight loss occurs when an individual is in a state of negative energy balance. When the human body is losing more chemical energy in work and heat than it is gaining from food or other nutritional supplements, it will catabolise stored reserves (or fat) inside the body.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss

“Weight gain occurs when the amount of energy (calories) consumed as food and drink exceeds the energy which is used for exercise and other metabolic processes of the body. This is known as positive energy balance. The excess energy is stored principally as fat. Each kilogram of fat stores approximately 9000kcal. This fat can only be lost when the body requires more energy than is available from food and thus draws upon its energy stores. This is known as negative energy balance.” http://www.aso.org.uk/mlw/nfdefault.asp?menuid=162&header=yes

It sound scientific, but let’s take a little bit under scrutiny this unquestionable scientific truth.
How is possible to describe situation when body is in a state of negative energy balance (at which point the body is in a state of negative energy balance)?
Is it the body in a state of negative energy balance then, when are no calories left in digestive system and at this point body start to “draws upon its energy stores” (bite fat tissues.....self cannibalism ..?)
Or is it the body in a state of negative energy balance when is 1kcal calorie left in digestive system and at this point metabolism start to “draws upon its energy stores” (bite own fat tissues - self cannibalism?)
Or is it the body in a state of negative energy balance and decide to “draws upon its energy stores” (bite fat tissues) when 5 kcal is left in digestive system, or when 10kcal or 50kcal or 500kcal is or when is 2000 kcal.
Same questions are applying for “the state of positive energy balance”; at which point the body is in positive state of energy balance? Is it when is 1kcal in digestive system that body decide to convert this energy in fat mass for late use or is it when is 5kcal or 10kcal or when is 50kcal or 500kcal or 2000kcal in digestive system.
To get idea how this scientific explanation is pointless you can discover on this way: In time when you are reading this post ask your self are you at this moment in state of positive energy balance or are you in state of negative energy balance or you are in the state of grace with counting calories (calories in equal calories out).
It will be funny if such a science isn’t responsible for so many peoples misery.
Any known intervention in attempt to control weight of the body, (diet for weight loss, exercise for weight loss, pharmaceutical inventions, all WLS) is based on understanding that weight gain happen because of a state of positive energy balance and that weight loss happen because of a state of negative energy balance.
The common understanding is that body will lose weight when expends more energy than it takes in, and it sounds reasonable that energy to make up the shortfall must come from somewhere. But the question is; when the body expands more energy than what take in. At witch point we can say that body expand more energy than what take in, is it when is one calorie left in digestive system or…. It need to bear in mind that long before body expand more energy than it takes in, the strength of the body will decreased to the point that will cause consciousness and in short time death will follow parallel with loss of the remaining strength. Still lifeless body corpse contain plenty of calories, (glucose, ketones, adenosine triphosphate etc) One important fact need to take in consideration is that restriction of food intake negatively affect the strength of the body by everyone it doesn’t mater is obese, overweight, normal weight or underweight. Any mechanical engine stops to work when run out of energy or by absence of sufficient energy supply. Human’s body stop to work when run out of the strength. Explanation that obesity occurs if the body takes in less energy than it expends over a given period of time in first moment sounds reasonable and it leads to conclusion that energy balance over period of time in biology is real. Only one fact need to take in consideration that in the real world it is not possible to have situation where existing balance over a period of time, but doesn’t existing at a particular point of those period of time. In real world, from nothing, can’t be something it doesn’t mater how long the period of time is.
Concerning weight loss/weight gain in human body at any particular point in any given period of time the energy balance doesn’t exist
Building of the fat mass is not simply mater of balance but it is life process (biological process).
Energy balance over period of time has meaning in physics, economics, climatology, hydrology etc and that is fact that misleading to conclusion that in biology energy balance over period of time exist.
For example the financial balance over given period of time is real. We do not need to know for each day what is financial situation. It is enough on the end of the year to count how much many is made and how much is spend. Do we know or do we don’t know what financial situation is for each day is not important. What important is that this financial situation for each day of the year exist (it is real) and if we like to know what is financial situation for particularly day we are able to know. In each day of the year it is possible to know what current financial balance is and that enable to know what balance between annual income and annual expenditure is. Inability to know what financial situation is in one particularly a day will make pointless any attempt to know what balance is for one year. In case of energy balance (concerning weight gain/loss) we are unable to locate point of time when the body is in state of positive or negative energy balance because the state of positive and state of negative energy balance doesn’t exist.
Weather and climate is real thing because we can see and know what is current climate and weather situation and because of that we can observe change that is happening in climate and weather situation over period of time. We can observe change that is happening on real thing. Weight of the body is real thing and we can observe change in the weight over any period of time and as well we are able to know exactly weight of the body at any present point of the given period of time.
Observing change on things that we are not sure in their existence at present point of time (what is the case with the state of positive and negative energy balance) is pointless. The examples of naturally thin people and people affected by certain types of injury, alderfly, and people affected by weightlessness and many another examples shows that scientific explanation based on energy balance to explain weight gain weight loss is not sufficient.
On the other side, many examples lead as to make conclusion that still energy balance explain weight gain/weight loss. One good example is bears. The bears eating plenty in autumn and gain the weight and over winter they not eating and they lose the weight gained in autumn. First impression is that eating alone is responsible for weight gain and that absence of food is responsible for weight loss. But if we are take closer examinations we can see that even bear doesn’t gain weight in spring time and early summer but start to picking on the weight in middle of summer and mostly in autumn. If we take under closer examination the weight loss induced by weight loss surgeries we can discovery some disturbing facts about real cause of weight loss. For everyone it is unquestionable truth that weight loss surgeries force restriction a food intake and that cause weight loss.
Before we accept this conclusion it is useful to remind us that people effected whit certain types of injuries involuntary are losing weight.
Bearing in mind that certain types of injuries cause weight loss it is reasonable question do restriction of food intake forced by WLS causing weight loss or is something else.One of the facts is that WLS force restriction of food intake.
Another fact is that WLS is inflicting certain type of injury-the injury of the stomach.
In reality the patient that undergo weight loss surgery doesn’t lose weight because of restriction of food intake but because of factor that is identical to factor that is responsible for weight loss by people affected by certain types of injuries.

Theory that body storage unused energy as fat mass in fat tissues for late use is based on assumption of existence of the state of positive energy balance on one side and on the other side is assumption that metabolic waste is calories free.
It is available plenty evidence that clearly shows that building fat mass (weight gain) on the body can’t be explained as simply mater of a state of positive energy balance and as well is available plenty evidence that show that building off of the fat mass (weight loss) can’t be explained as simply mater of a state of negative energy balance. Restriction of food intake usually (not always) leads to weight loss. Involvement in moderate or rigorous exercise usually (not always) lead to weight loss. In both case weight loss is explained as direct consequence of a state of negative energy balance. I am trying to explain that in both cases, weight loss doesn’t happen because of a state of negative energy balance (the state of negative energy balance doesn’t exist) but from some another factor that is usually (but not always) caused by restriction of food intake or by rigorous physical activity.

For example, by people affected by weightlessness (cosmonauts and astronauts) intake of food alone will not produce any weight gain. It means that in weightlessness food is essential for sustaining of life but will not produce any weight gain as well it will not prevent weight loss.
To prevent weight loss and as well to counteract other negative consequences for health caused by weightlessness cosmonauts and astronauts spending great amount of time doing exercise on specially designed exercise machines and device. It is because of absence of mechanical stimulation produced by working against gravity. By absence of mechanical stimulation (produced by working against the pull of gravity) body constantly losing weight independent of quantity and quality of food intakes. Here on earth we have many examples when the regular or increased intake of food does not cause any weight gain and in many cases normal or increased food intake alone is not sufficient to prevent weight loss. Intake of the food does not produce weight gain by elderly, people affected with long standing illnesses, people affected with certain type of injury and people affected by prolong bed rest. It mean that food together with water and air is essential for sustaining of life but to maintain existing weight and to gain new weight it is essential presence of mechanical stimulation produced mainly by (physical activity) working against gravity. It is a wide accepted thought that intake of food together with physical activity is responsible for building muscle mass and that food intake with physical inactivity is responsible for building fat mass but on the other side the examples of people affected by weightlessness an people affected by prolong bed rest, people affected with long standing illnesses and elderly is clear that by absence or insufficient physical activity regular or increased food intake will not produce any weight gain. In all this examples it is clear that intake of food alone is not enough not only to gain new weight but is not enough to maintain existing weight of the body.
It is because of absence of required level of strength and duration of mechanical stimulation produced by working against gravity. It shows that for building fat mass is responsible mechanical factor (excessive mechanical stimulation).
How physical activity is responsible for weight gain whether is muscle or fat tissues or both of them I will try to explain what is different when body build muscle tissues from when body build fat tissues. For doing any physical activity we are using strength of the muscle and strength (solidity) of the bones. Muscles (and bones) gain the strength because we are using strength of the muscle (and bones). Muscle tissues (and bone tissues) gain mass because we are providing mechanical stimulation to muscle tissues (and bones tissues). It is wide accepted thought that increase in muscle mass mean as well increase of strength and is wrong. We can increase strength of the muscle without increasing muscle mass. And as well, we can increase muscle mass without increasing strength of the muscle.
By doing any physical activity we are not using fat tissues but in many cases we are providing mechanical stimulation to the fat tissues and that is factor that cause maintaining and building of the new fat mass. We are providing mechanical stimulation to fat tissues by unbalanced gait patterns and incorrect body posture. Just slightly improvement in body posture and adopting more efficient locomotion (balanced gait) will produce visible change in a few days by everyone and in same time will positively affect healthy wellbeing. Weight loss concerning fat mass of the body is not due to burning calories but due to atrophy of fat tissues. Atrophy of fat tissues happenings by absence of required level of strength and duration of mechanical stimulation necessary for maintenance of the existing fat mass. By simply observation we can notice difference in the gait patterns and body posture between obese and thin people. Type of the gait patterns explains fat formation on the body. Type of the body posture explains fat distribution on the body. Observing the gait patterns of the bears we can notice that all bears have different gait patterns in spring and different gait in autumn. Excessive feeding bear in springs will not produce weight gain. Changes in gait patterns in summer enable picking on the weight. Gained weight further more contribute to change of the gait patterns.

It is known that with heavy exercise is possible to achieve weight loss. But it is known as well that body doesn’t lose weight in time of doing exercise. Weight loss occurs after exercise is done. Body maintain elevating breathing rate for a few minutes after exercise and after that period regain pre- exercise breathing level. Post exercise oxygen consumption doesn’t explain occurrence of post exercise weight loss. Post exercise weight loss is due to increased efficiency of locomotion and increased efficiency of supporting weight of the body against gravity caused by increased postural strength, postural stability and improvement in motor skill. Increased postural strength, postural stability and motor skill are consequences of strenuous physical activity.

Post WLS weight loss occurs because of restriction of mechanical stimulation produced by working against the pull of gravity. People affected with certain types of injuries and people affected with weight loss surgeries are losing weight from same reason. Change of the gait patterns and change of the body posture is responsible for occurrences of weight loss.

It shows that restriction of calories intake with intention to prevent building of the fat mass is wrong and as well the restriction of calories intake with intention to achieve building off of the fat mass is wrong. Not only restriction of food intake is wrong but as well involving in physical activity with intention to burn calories is wrong.

In attempt to understand the real cause of obesity the energy balance is meaningless word and doesn’t explain nothing concerning weight gain/weight loss but misleading and obstructing to understand how certain type of physical activity causing weight loss and how some another type of physical activity causing weight gain and how certain type of physical activity by some people causing weight gain and by some another people causing weight loss and by some people doesn’t contributing at all to change in weight of the body.

Drug and diet approach till today, didn’t brought any progress to prevent weight loss in weightlessness whether is muscle mass or bone mass or fat mass. Wasting a way of the body (bones mass, muscle mass, fat mass….) in weightlessness is mayor obstacle to any possible prolonged space flight.

Here on the earth drug and diet approach didn’t bring any progress to reverse or to slow rising trend of obesity.

In weightlessness only way to slow wastage of the bones, muscle and fat mass is to provide body with mechanical stimulation by working on specially designed exercising machines and device.
Here on the earth is to confront with reality that certain types of physical activities are responsible for weight loss and how certain types of physical activities are responsible for weight gain.